Arachis montiola is a wild peanut relative, closely related to A. duranensis, found in Argentina. It is used in some interspecies mapping crosses. As only other tetraploid species in the genus Arachis in addition to A. hypogea (cultivated peanut), it may be the result of the polyploidy event that led to A. hypogea, and thus may be the direct ancestor of cultivated peanut.

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Germplasm accessions are available at GRIN Global and Genesys.